Saturday, March 21, 2020
How the Three Types of Conjunctions Connect Ideas
How the Three Types of Conjunctions Connect Ideas How the Three Types of Conjunctions Connect Ideas How the Three Types of Conjunctions Connect Ideas By Mark Nichol This post defines and discusses the three types of conjunctions (words or phrases that serve as a bridge linking two words, phrases, clauses, or sentences): coordinating, correlative, and subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, join words, clauses, or sentences of equal importance. The most common coordinating conjunctions, frequently listed in the following order to reflect the use of the mnemonic FANBOYS, include for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Others are neither, only, and ââ¬Å"no more,â⬠as well as several British English conjunctive phrases that combine one of the six conjunctions besides nor with that one (such as ââ¬Å"and norâ⬠). Examples of the ten listed conjunctions in use, accompanied by a description of their functions, follow: I walked, for I was in need of exercise. (rationale) I walked, and I ran. (addition) I neither walked nor ran. (alternative without contrast) I walked, but I ran, too. (contrast or exception) I (either) walked, or I ran. (alternative with contrast) I walked, yet I ran, too. (contrast or exception) I walked slowly, so I ran to catch up. (consequence) I donââ¬â¢t walk; neither do I run. (addition) I donââ¬â¢t walk; no more do I run. (addition) I would walk, only I run. (contrast) Note that the distinction between nor and or, which are generally accompanied, respectively, by neither and either (although the latter is parenthesized in the pertinent example because it is optional), is that with neither/nor, the choices do not affect each other, whereas with either/or, one choice cancels the other out. But and yet are virtually interchangeable, while the three addition conjunctions, and, neither, and ââ¬Å"no more,â⬠are listed in order of formality, with ââ¬Å"no moreâ⬠generally restricted to ritualistic or poetic usage. Only is used in the sense of ââ¬Å"That [one idea] would be true if this [another idea] were not.â⬠Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions include, among others, the following word or phrase pairs, which function to compare two pairs of words or phrases in a sentence that have equal weight; each is followed by an example: as much/as: Vacations like that can be a pain as much as they are a pleasure. as/as: This party is as dull as I expected it to be. both/and: Both the car and the truck are new. either/or: Either go now, or wait until later. just as/so: Just as you enjoy going to the theater, I like watching movies. neither/nor: Neither my father or my mother was born here. no sooner/than: No sooner had she read the letter than he arrived. not/but: It is not me but her who is to blame. not only/but also: I am not only tired but also angry. rather/than: I would rather play tennis than golf today. the/the: The more you read about it, the greater a problem it seems to be. whether/orv We couldnââ¬â¢t tell whether the baby is a boy or a girl. Some sentences incorporating correlative conjunctions are easier to construct than others. Those involving either/or and neither/nor, and ââ¬Å"not onlyâ⬠/ââ¬Å"but also,â⬠are often erroneously composed because the first word or phrase is incorrectly situated in the syntax of the sentence. Note, for example, that in the following sentence, the placement of ââ¬Å"either be able toâ⬠suggests that ââ¬Å"carry onâ⬠will have a counterpoint later in the sentence: ââ¬Å"Smith should either be able to carry on investing via his equity plan or by using the tax shelter within the new savings account.â⬠However, the counterpoints, separated by or, the second of the two correlative conjunctions, are ââ¬Å"his equity planâ⬠and ââ¬Å"using the tax shelter,â⬠so either should immediately precede the first of the two choices, just as or immediately precedes the second choice: ââ¬Å"Smith should be able to carry on investing either via his equity plan or by using the tax shelter within the new savings account.â⬠Likewise, in ââ¬Å"People did not only see him as a great athlete but also as a great man,â⬠the suggestion is that people did two things in relation to the subject, including seeing him and something else. However, the intended meaning is that they saw him in two contexts, so ââ¬Å"not only,â⬠like ââ¬Å"but also,â⬠applies to saw and should therefore follow it, while ââ¬Å"not onlyâ⬠immediately precedes ââ¬Å"as a great athlete,â⬠just as ââ¬Å"but alsoâ⬠immediately precedes ââ¬Å"as a great manâ⬠: ââ¬Å"People saw him not only as a great athlete but also as a great man.â⬠Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions, which join independent clauses and dependent clauses, or introduce adverbial clauses, include, among others, the following words and phrases: after although as ââ¬Å"as far asâ⬠as if ââ¬Å"as long asâ⬠ââ¬Å"as soon asâ⬠ââ¬Å"as thoughâ⬠because before ââ¬Å"even ifâ⬠ââ¬Å"even thoughâ⬠ââ¬Å"every timeâ⬠if ââ¬Å"in order thatâ⬠once ââ¬Å"provided thatâ⬠ââ¬Å"rather thanâ⬠since so ââ¬Å"so thatâ⬠than though unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while why An adverbial clause is the beginning of a sentence such as ââ¬Å"After searching the desk, I checked the file cabinet.â⬠The same sentence can be inverted so that the subordinating conjunction links the independent clause ââ¬Å"I checked the file cabinetâ⬠and the dependent clause ââ¬Å"searching the desk.â⬠Filling a similar role are conjunctions technically known as complementizers, such as that and whether, which turn a clause into a sentenceââ¬â¢s subject or object. Examples include that in ââ¬Å"John said that she was going to be hereâ⬠(although that as a complementizer is generally optional) and whether in ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t know whether I can attend.â⬠(Here, as in many but not all usages, if is interchangeable with whether.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical WordsProbable vs. Possible15 Names and Descriptions of Effects
Thursday, March 5, 2020
Luis Alvarez - A Profile of the Famous Scientist
Luis Alvarez - A Profile of the Famous Scientist Name: Luis Alvarez Born/Died: 1911-1988 Nationality: American (with antecedents in Spain and Cuba) About Luis Alvarez Luis Alvarez is a good example of how an amateur can have a profound impact on the world of paleontology. We put the word amateur is in quotation marks because, before he turned his attention to the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, Alvarez was a highly accomplished physicist (in fact, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 for his discovery of the resonance states of fundamental particles). He was also a lifelong inventor, and was responsible for (among other things) the Synchrotron, one of the first particle accelerators used to probe the ultimate constituents of matter. Alvarez was also involved in the later stages of the Manhattan Project, which yielded the nuclear bombs dropped on Japan at the end of World War II. In paleontology circles, though, Alvarez is best known for his late 1970s investigation (conducted with his geologist son, Walter) into the K/T Extinction, the then-mysterious event 65 million years ago that killed the dinosaurs, as well as their pterosaur and marine reptile cousins.à Alvarezs workingà theory, inspired by his discoveryà of a clay boundary in Italy separating geologic strata from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras, was that the impact of a large comet or meteor threw up billions of tons of dust, which circled around the globe, blotted out the sun, and caused global temperatures to plunge andà the earthââ¬â¢s vegetation to wither, with the result that first plant-eating and then meat-eating dinosaurs starved and froze to death. Alvarezs theory, published in 1980,à was treated with intense skepticism for a full decade, but was finally accepted by the majority of scientists after scattered iridium deposits in the vicinity of the Chicxulub meteor crater (in present-day Mexico) could be traced to the impact of a large interstellar object. (Theà rare element iridium is more common deeper in the earth than on the surface, and could only have been scattered in the patterns detectedà by a tremendous astronomical impact.) à Still, the widespread acceptance of this theoryà hasnt prevented scientists from pointing to ancillary causes for the extinction of the dinosaurs, the most likely candidate being the volcanic eruptions triggered when the Indian subcontinent slammed into the underside of Asia at the end of the Cretaceous period.
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